Vulval cancer is a type of cancer that occurs on the external part of the female genital organs, known as the vulva. It is a rare form of cancer but can have a significant impact on a woman’s health. In this article, we will discuss everything you need to know about vulval cancer, from its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to frequently asked questions (FAQs). At Shukan Hospital and IVF Centre, we aim to provide comprehensive care and education to our patients regarding women’s health, including the prevention and management of vulval cancer.

What is Vulval Cancer?
Vulval cancer refers to cancer that begins in the vulva, the outer part of a woman’s genitalia. The vulva includes the labia (lips of the vagina), clitoris, and the area around the vaginal opening. Vulval cancer can develop from various types of cells, but it most commonly arises from squamous cells. These are the thin, flat cells that cover the surface of the vulva.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of vulval cancer is not entirely understood, but certain risk factors may increase a woman’s chance of developing it. These include:
-
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses. Certain strains of HPV, especially HPV types 16 and 18, are strongly linked to the development of vulval cancer.
- Age: Vulval cancer is more common in women over 60, though it can occur at any age.
- Chronic inflammation or irritation: Conditions like lichen sclerosus, a skin disorder that causes itching and scarring of the vulva, can increase the risk.
- Weakened immune system: Women with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those on immune-suppressing medications, are at higher risk.
- Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of developing many cancers, including vulval cancer.
At Shukan Hospital and IVF Centre, we emphasize regular screenings and awareness about these risk factors to help prevent and detect vulval cancer early.


Symptoms of Vulval Cancer
Early vulval cancer may not show clear signs, which is why regular gynecological checkups are important. However, as the condition progresses, the following symptoms may occur:
- Itching in the vulva that does not go away.
- Pain or discomfort in the vulva, especially during intercourse or urination.
- Lumps or growths on the vulva that may be visible.
- Changes in the color or appearance of the vulva, such as redness, white patches, or sores.
- Bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation.
- Swelling in the groin area due to swollen lymph nodes.
Diagnosis of Vulval Cancer
If vulval cancer is suspected, the following diagnostic tests may be performed:
- Physical Examination: A gynecologist will examine the vulva for any visible signs of lumps, sores, or abnormal changes.
- Biopsy: If there is a suspicious lesion, a biopsy may be done to collect a tissue sample for examination under a microscope.
- Colposcopy: This procedure involves using a special magnifying device to closely inspect the vulva and cervix.
- Imaging Tests: In some cases, imaging tests like MRI or CT scans are used to check if the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.
At Shukan Hospital and IVF Centre, our experienced gynecologists use state-of-the-art equipment for accurate diagnosis and provide detailed counseling to help patients understand their condition better.


Stages of Vulval Cancer
Vulval cancer is classified into different stages based on how far the cancer has spread. These stages include:
- Stage 1: Cancer is confined to the vulva or perineum (the area between the vagina and anus).
- Stage 2: Cancer has spread to nearby tissues but is still confined to the lower genital tract.
- Stage 3: Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the groin or surrounding areas.
- Stage 4: Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bladder.
Treatment Options for Vulval Cancer
Treatment for vulval cancer typically depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and the location of the tumor. The main treatment options are:
- Surgery: The most common treatment for vulval cancer is surgery to remove the tumor. In some cases, this may involve removing part of the vulva or the entire vulva (vulvectomy).
- Radiation Therapy: This may be used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells or in cases where surgery is not possible.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells and may be recommended for advanced stages of vulval cancer.
- Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: These are newer treatments that focus on specific molecular targets or boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
At Shukan Hospital and IVF Centre, we offer a personalized treatment plan tailored to the individual’s needs, ensuring the best possible care and outcomes.


Prognosis
The prognosis for vulval cancer depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed. When caught early, the survival rate is high. According to statistics from the American Cancer Society:
- 5-year survival rate for localized vulval cancer (cancer confined to the vulva) is about 75%.
- 5-year survival rate for regional vulval cancer (cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes) is around 50%.
- 5-year survival rate for distant vulval cancer (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) is lower, at about 15%.
Prevention and Lifestyle Tips
While there is no sure way to prevent vulval cancer, certain steps can reduce the risk:
- HPV Vaccination: Getting the HPV vaccine can prevent infection with the types of HPV that cause vulval cancer.
- Regular gynecological exams: Early detection is key, so regular checkups with your gynecologist can help spot changes in the vulva early.
- Avoid smoking: Quitting smoking can lower your risk of many cancers, including vulval cancer.
- Manage chronic conditions: If you have conditions like lichen sclerosus or other vulvar disorders, regular treatment and management can reduce your cancer risk.
At Shukan Hospital and IVF Centre, we encourage women to adopt preventive measures and provide regular screenings to catch any potential problems early.

FAqs
Is vulval cancer common?
No, vulval cancer is rare, accounting for only about 4% of all gynecological cancers.
Can vulval cancer be prevented?
While it can’t be completely prevented, certain lifestyle changes and regular medical checkups can reduce your risk.
What is the main cause of vulval cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor for vulval cancer, along with age, smoking, and chronic inflammation.
How is vulval cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, biopsy, colposcopy, and imaging tests.
Can vulval cancer be treated?
Yes, vulval cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and newer therapies depending on its stage.
What is the survival rate for vulval cancer?
The survival rate varies, with a higher survival rate for early-stage cancer (about 75% for localized cancer) and lower rates for more advanced stages.
Can vulval cancer recur after treatment?
Yes, vulval cancer can recur, which is why regular follow-up care is essential after treatment.
Conclusion
Vulval cancer, though rare, is a serious condition that requires attention and care. Understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options can help in early detection and improve outcomes. Regular gynecological visits, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and addressing any abnormal symptoms promptly can significantly reduce the risk and improve the chances of successful treatment. At Shukan Hospital and IVF Centre, we are dedicated to providing the highest level of care to our patients and ensuring they receive comprehensive support in every aspect of their health journey.
Meet Our Specialists

Dr. Ajay Prajapati
MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), MS (Master of Surgery)
Specialities: IVF, Infertility, Fetal medicine
Experience: 10+ years
Language: English, Hindi, Gujarati
- Over a decade of hands-on experience in fertility and pregnancy challenges.
- Expert in advanced laparoscopy for minimally invasive surgeries.
- FOGSI-certified sonologist, ensuring accurate pregnancy assessments.
- Known for successful outcomes and trusted care in high-risk cases.
- Earned patient trust across Gujarat and beyond

Dr. Hardik Savaliya
MBB, DGO
Specialities: IVF, Male Infertility, Female Infertility
Experience: 5+ years
Language: English, Hindi, Gujarati
- Holistic approach to patient care, providing both medical treatment and emotional support.
- Focuses on empowering women with knowledge about their health.
- Expertise in infertility treatments like IVF, IUI, and other assisted reproductive technologies.
- Successfully treats couples with infertility issues.
- Competent in managing high-risk pregnancies, ensuring safety for mother and baby.
- Skilled in minimally invasive surgeries, offering effective solutions with quicker recovery times.
- Holds MBBS and DGO degrees, with in-depth knowledge in gynecology and obstetrics.

Dr. Payal Patel
MBBS, MD (Obstetrics & Gynecology), Fellowship in Advanced Ultrasonography course, Fellowship in Infertility, Endoscopy & Ultrasonography
Specialities: Obstetrician, Gynecologist and Infertility Specialist
Experience: 6+ years
Language: English, Hindi, Gujarati
- Expert in managing complex gynecological issues.
- Provides comprehensive infertility treatments.
- Known for a patient-centered approach with personalized care.
- Compassionate and dedicated to her patients’ well-being.
- Stays updated with the latest advancements in her field.
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