Sometimes, during ejaculation, although men produce seminal fluid, a semen analysis test can reveal the absence of sperm in this ejaculated semen sample. The presence of fructose is an indication that there is sperm production; albeit due to some blockages in tubes or other reasons, the sperm may not be present in the ejaculate and this may lead to one of the causes of male infertility. However, all hope of conceiving and having a successful pregnancy is not lost, as there are certain procedures available to patients where sperm can be retrieved from their site of production, ie., the testis. These procedures vary slightly and are commonly known as Sperm Retrieval Procedures (SRP).
The above terms – TESA, TESE, MESA and PESA refer to various methods of SRP.
TESA (Testicular sperm aspiration) is a method of TESE (Testicular sperm extraction) performed by needle insertion in the testis, drawing out fluid and tissue by a vacuum (negative pressure). This tissue is then processed and the extracted sperm cells are used for ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) where one sperm is directly injected into the egg, or IVF (in vitro fertilization) where the egg and sperm (multiple in number) are left in a petri dish to fertilize on their own.
MESA: In conditions such as obstructive azoospermia (the absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate), a technique known as MESA (Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration) is used. This involves incision of a single tubule by dissecting the epididymis. The fluid that overflows from the epididymal tubule is then drawn out. This method, because of the vast number of vessels in the epididymis, sometimes leads to contamination by blood cells that may affect sperm fertilizing capacity in IVF.
PESA (Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration): With this method, no surgical incision is required. A small needle is passed through the skin of the scrotum directly into the head of the epididymis and the fluid is drawn out.
Once the fluid is aspirated in all the above techniques, the embryologist collects the sperm cells and prepares them for ICSI or IVF.
Three main goals should be accomplished during sperm retrieval:
(i) the acquisition of an adequate number of sperm for both immediate use and cryopreservation (the process of freezing and storing embryos),
(ii) retrieving the topmost quality of sperm,
(iii) minimizing the damage to the reproductive tract, thus preserving the option of future retrieval attempts and testicular function.
Author Bio
Dr. Ajay Prajapati
He is a highly respected specialist in the fields of infertility, IVF, and fetal medicine. With over a decade of hands-on experience, he has successfully treated numerous patients facing complex fertility and pregnancy-related challenges. His expertise in advanced laparoscopy has made him a trusted name for minimally invasive surgeries, providing patients with cutting-edge treatments and compassionate care.
As a FOGSI-certified sonologist, he ensures accurate and detailed assessments during pregnancies, particularly in high-risk cases. His commitment to excellence is reflected in the numerous successful outcomes and the trust he has earned from patients across Gujarat and beyond.
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